众所周知,Linux 下的文件有三种权限位: r(read), w(write), x(execute),每个文件又把用户分成三组: user, group, others。由此相成一个文件的权限:
$ touch file
$ ls -l file
-rw-r--r-- 1 jick users 0 2007-05-18 17:56 file
每一种权限又可以使用数字来表示:r - 4,w -2,x - 1。由此,上面文件的权限又可以表示为 644。r,w,x 全打开可表示为 777。用 touch 命令创建的文件会设置默认的权限位。
权限位使用 umask 查看和设置:
$ umask
0022
(之所以是四位而不是三位,是因为 u,g,o 之外还有 Super 位,这不在我们本次的讨论中 ;-)
这里有一个问题,全部设置后权限位是 0777,系统默认的 umask 值是 0022,为什么 touch 创建的文件权限位是 0666? 执行权限位跑哪里去了? 这就是今天要说的 umask 疑云。
umask 值会在两个地方用到: open() 和 mkdir(),也就是系统创建文件和目录的时候。我们来分析一下 open()。
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
int open(const char *pathname, int flags);
int open(const char *pathname, int flags, mode_t mode);
open() 有两种调用方式,一种不设置 file 的 mode,而使用系统默认的 umask;一种可以设置 file 的 mode,从而产生不同的权限位。
当 open() 的 mode 设置为 0777 ,默认 umask 为 0022 时,所创建文件的权限位是 0755。从这里可以看出,umask 值是可以屏蔽 open() 的 mode。
但 touch 的时候,为什么系统会雪藏我们的执行权限位呢? 原来 ,在创建文件的时候,Linux 系统会拿掉执行权限位;而在创建目录的时候,Linux 系统则不会拿掉执行权限位,因为在查看目录的时候需要用到执行权限位(尝试拿掉目录的权限位,然后 ls 该目录,看到了什么?)。我猜测,Linux 继承 Unix 的这一传统,大概是出于安全性的考虑 ;-)
--
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